Latino Student Fund Supporting Education Essay - 2307 Words

Latino Student Fund: Supporting Education in a Changing World As I exited the metro bus and stepped into the cold, wet, and way-too-early Saturday morning air, my mind pounded with the self-scolding, â€Å"Why am I awake. Why am I awake?†. The second I looked up at the grey-blue sky, however, all dread evaporated. Instead, the gorgeous sight ahead filled me with an incredulous awe. The Washington National Cathedral stood towering in cream-colored splendor, its richly detailed Gothic architecture almost too picturesque to fathom. Intricate spires stood proudly against the low-hanging clouds, as if taunting them to rain. Stunned, I began to follow my friends along a blue stone path surrounded by vivid greenery. As I walked, the chill air invigorated my lungs with each breath, filling me with a sort of peaceful energy. The path led to a smaller, yet still grandiose building which we entered through two large glass doors. Once inside the beautiful building, however, the scene was anything but picturesque. Instead, the one-hundred-plus students attending the Latino Student Fund program had already begun to arrive, their entire families in tow. The students ranged in age from Pre-K to 12th grade, creating a dynamic of almost tangible chaos. The cafeteria had been divided into two sections: a small sitting area for the parents, who often stay during the program, and a much larger section of cafeteria tables at which the students work. Because the program had not yet begun,Show MoreRelatedThe Legislative Movement : Subsidize The College Education Of Texas779 Words   |  4 PagesThe legislative movement to subsidize the college education of undocumented students has been accredited to the state of Texas, which in 2001 took legislative action (House Bill 1403) and enacted an in-state tuition policy that allowed undocumented students to pay in-state tuition rates like any other state resident, moreover, it assisted these students with state financial support (Dra chman, 2006; Flores, 2010b, Dickson and Pender, 2013). From that point forward other states have taking similarRead MoreThe Generation Of Hispanic Leaders1589 Words   |  7 Pagesmission of CHCI is to develop the next generation of Latino leaders. How can leadership be developed within the Latino community? What current Latino leaders are making a difference in your state or community? The presence of Latino leaders in all levels of government is necessary in order to have advocates who will represent the needs of the Latino community. Although the Latino population is on the rise and quickly becoming one of the largest ethnic minorities in the United States, the ethnicRead MoreMinority Serving Institutions ( Msis )1415 Words   |  6 PagesMinority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) serves to provide a college education for citizens across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences that were excluded from higher education throughout the United States History. Minority-Serving Institutions work towards producing superior results with fewer resources while being evaluated using the same accreditation standards as prestigious majority public and private institutions (Fester, 2012, p. 816). Minority-Serving Institutions are represented byRead MoreInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors (Tanner). 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They should advocate for the equitable treatment of all students in their school and in their community. If a school counselor wants to be successful in ensuring an equity-based program, they should consider the role of culture, ethnicity, race, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and other factors (Cu rry Milson, 2013). Any student regardless of background can face developmental and emotionalRead MoreLatinos1799 Words   |  8 PagesThe impact of American recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 in the Latino Community. (1) Unemployment: Changes in unemployment during the recession reveal a rapidly worsening situation for foreign-born Hispanics and native-born Hispanics. The unemployment rates for these groups increased by similar amounts from the fourth quarter of 2007 to the fourth quarter of 2008. However, the number of unemployed persons increased at a much faster rate for foreign-born Hispanics. The unemployment rate forRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Of 2001 ( Nclb )1007 Words   |  5 Pagesto improve student achievement and drastically change the culture of American’s schools. In fact, President Bush describes the law as the â€Å"cornerstone of his administration.† Because children are our future, President Bush wanted to ensure our neediest children were not left behind. This paper will discuss pros, cons, and impact on students, teachers, and parents of NCLB. www.ed.gov In this passage of No Child Left Behind, Congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)Read MoreEssay The Chicano View on Mexican Immigration1048 Words   |  5 Pagesequal rights for themselves. Composed mainly of Mexican American students and youth, these activists focused on maintaining a pride for their culture as well as their ethnicity to fuel their political campaign. Left out of this campaign initially though were Mexican immigrants. As is made clear in the writings of David Gutierrez, since the beginning of large amounts of Mexican immigration, Mexican Americans have opposed supporting Mexican immigrants. In fact, Mexican Americans had predominantly

Surveillance And The Surveillance Of Surveillance

In today’s online world, it is almost impossible to remain anonymous. With every website and service requiring a log in which stores personal information, and surveillance users are unaware is even there. Although this sounds like an invasion of personal privacy and loss of personal liberty, it has turned into the â€Å"norm† and most of the time goes on without even being questioned. In some cases, consensual surveillance has been turned into forms of entertainment. The average person online is very aware of the surveillance taking place, but it is likely they are unaware of the severity of the surveillance and the justification behind it. It is known that the main use of surveillance is to keep citizens safe and free from terrorist attacks†¦show more content†¦This gives organizations information that the user may not aware is being recorded and shared. Without knowing it, we are leaving â€Å" electronic fingerprints† with every mouse click, every pho ne call, is recorded and used for analysis purposes, which tend to be justified through the idea that it is used to help protect civilians from terrorist or other threats. Though surveillance is used to protect society, it can go as far as to even control and monitor society. In countries like China, the government uses surveillance to censor what is available to the public, and therefore allows the leaders of the country to maintain a tighter grip on society. The west is considered to be a â€Å" free market†, though the reality of this is a common misconception. Though technically anyone can work there way to the top and become part of the â€Å"1%†, it is very difficult for the other 99% of us to achieve that (Martin Hirst, 2014). Though there is no censorship in Canada, there is a great deal of surveillance. The reasoning and justification behind this is to be able to monitor who is a threat and who is not. Through the monitoring, people are divided and categorize d. It is then from this process that the state beings to practice â€Å"narrowcasting†. This installs a certain way of thinking for the public, thus making it easier for them to accept the idea of surveillance. It is in times where people feel that they are threatened that it isShow MoreRelatedSurveillance : Surveillance And Surveillance Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in people’s daily lives. Since survey and surveillance data is crucial for governments to maintain social order and for corporations to keep normal production and operation, it is inevitable that in the future surveillance will be used in every corner of the world. Indeed, surveillance products are under the pressure of invasion of privacy because they indiscriminately gather information from every human around the world. However, all this surveillance enhances our society because it is the mostRead MoreSurveillance And Surveillance921 Words   |  4 PagesSurveillance has implemented the purpos e of observing and monitoring individual’s actions and communications. Purposely, it is used for monitoring our behaviors, activities, and protection. Looking at the contemporary lifestyle we live by in society, surveillance technologies can range from computer monitoring to satellite imagery. Surveillance technologies are at near-constant presence regardless of circumstances in which, Edward Snowdown stated, â€Å"Even if you’re not doing anything wrong, you areRead MoreSurveillance : The Act Of Surveillance1526 Words   |  7 Pages The act of Surveillance refers to continuous monitoring of activities of a particular area or a person. Mass Surveillance refers to monitoring activities of a sample population or target group. The video monitoring at malls or stores and the installed CCTV at traffic signals is also an act of mass surveillance. However, such surveillance has become important part of business operation or road safety management due to video recorded proof in case of any crime. We stand at an age where nothingRead MoreCounter Surveillance And Anti Surveillance1740 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Exam: Executive Protection Question 1: Counter-surveillance Anti-surveillance and their application to Executive Protection Counter- Surveillance would be something along the lines of trying counter measure any possibilities that could pose a high risk or impending attack; this would be either at an event or function the principal might be attending. In this case you would have other members of the team blend in with the crowd of people at said event or function so they can be the eyesRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological Surveillance On Human Surveillance1549 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances in surveillance will be analyzed. Whitebread, and Slobogin (2014) give a good working definition of what technological surveillance is and what is covers. â€Å"Technological surveillance,†¦ is meant to encompass a wide variety of techniques that enhance the ability to ease drop or spy on the activities of others† (Whitebread and Slobogin, 2004, p. 134,)There are many forms of technological surveillance, example will be show through case law. As new forms of technological surveillance arise, moreRead MoreSu rveillance Camera1467 Words   |  6 PagesSurveillance cameras in banks, offices, shops and streets have been very successful in reducing crime in the workplace and in public, but they are also a tool for their users to spy on peoples private business. Surveillance is a close observation of a person or a group, especially one under suspicion for the purpose of influencing, directing, managing, or protecting. It creates both positive and negative effects. It is very useful for governments and law enforcements to maintain social controlRead MoreNsa Surveillance1025 Words   |  5 PagesSharath Thomas Professor Hugetz ENGL 1301.08 05 April 2016 NSA Surveillance - Constitutional or Unconstitutional The US Constitution came to life 230 years ago, but recent actions of the National Security Agency is interpreted to be defying the Bill of Rights by the government and depriving the citizens their constitutional right to privacy. However, when posed with the question:Read MoreSurveillance in America1325 Words   |  6 Pagestelescreen or when Uncle Sam is on every poster board around the city. No one complains whenever there is a change in rations knowing someone or something somewhere is always listening and watching Orwell captured all the aspects of total surveillance. He utilized the children of Oceania and trains them to become part of the Thought Police. The spies in training are part of a group known as the Junior Spies; therefore if they hear or see anything suspicious they are to report it to the ThoughtRead MoreSurveillance Techniques1375 Words   |  6 PagesCentervale, the following proposal will prove strategic as it will bring to light material regarding what is revered today as the most successful surveillance techniques available. The surveillance techniques of which will be proposed in this memo can be used for vehicle tracking, cell phone tracking, email, background checks, and computer surveillance techniques. While immigration issues tend to plague a myriad of towns, cities, and states, the issue is not one that is conceived as irrepressible;Read MoreGovernment Surveillance5539 Words   |  23 PagesGovernment Surveillance Imagine a world where your every move was being monitored. A dark world where it is no secret who you are, where you have been and who you associate with; now include who you love, who you pray to and what you just ate for dinner. The word privacy doesn’t exist in such world and it is such world that we are heading to.â€Å"Big Brother is watching you!† This quote by George Orwell couldn’t have been truer. Every aspect of our lives is being sorted through as Big Data this very

Human Water Security and River Biodiversity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Water Security and River Biodiversity. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a branch that deals with the interests of the workers, and the managers in an organization. It ensures that all the rules and regulations are followed to the latter by everybody in the organization. The branch also ensures that all the workers are qualified, and no worker is looked down upon, in any branch of an organization. The human resource management also ensures that the required effort is applied to make their dream come to pass. In the world of today, many organizations have failed to meet their sat goal, and thus have ended up failing in their activities. This is the reason behind their failure. First, they do not manage their workers properly. In this field, there should be a very serious law that governs the workers. Since the workers are the back born of an organization, a certain point of weaknesses related to them may adversely affect the whole organization. Workers are therefore supposed to be given due respect, and managed properly wheneve r possible. Therefore, when talking of diversity, culture and any other form of problem or weakness, this means that the managerial branch has a lot of responsibilities to carry out. They are responsible for delayed promotions in an organization, as well as delayed recruitments of new employees in the organization. In addition, the managerial team is also responsible for complains concerning failed developments of an organization. Therefore, the workers are supposed to work hand in hand with the managerial branch to ensure that all is well with the company or organization, for them to achieve their set goal. The culture of an organization simply refers to the trend of activities which take place in the organization (Harzing A. Pinningtion, 2015). An example of a culture in business is the recruitment of new managers, which means that the old managers must retire after a certain period of time. Another example of an organizational culture is that of lying off workers with a history of misbehavior. Other examples include the recruiting of young workers, for training, and also celebrating the achievement of the organization after a certain period of time. These are some of the few examples of culture in an organization. In no name company, workers have created a difficult environment for the potential customers (Avey, Luthans, Jensen, 2009). They have a bad communication mode, thus making it difficult to have an effective communication with the managers. Being an assembly company, no name is a company that has been known to give quality assembling as well as good services to customers. Ho wever, the customers are now complaining of low quality assembling parts for aircrafts. Since quality is the most character that defines a business, low quality means that no name will lose a good name thus tarnishing its good name. In a company where communication is a problem, things will definitely go wrong. People need to communicate and understand each other, for effective results. However, when there is a problem in communication, respect will be absent, and a worker will do according to their will. It is therefore important to ensure that communication is effective in a company. Good communication has the following significance: Effective communication means that the entire employees and employers in a company are in good terms (Gagn, 2009). This makes it possible or information to be passed from one person to another. In terms of saving time, good communication means that there is no time for arguments or idleness. Therefore, time will be well utilized in increasing productivity. The end result of good communication in an organization understands (Subramony, 2009). When people communicate in a positive manner, they understand one another, and therefore make it easy to pass information. Therefore, important and urgent issues will be solved effectively in the company, thus making success the trend in that company Good communication solves problems whenever the issues arise (Gruman, Saks, 2011). For example, no name company could have solved the issue of low quality parts of aircrafts before the matter got out of hand. However, they are now facing the challenge of controlling the rumor, since the matter has got out of hand. They could have made it and manage o secure the name of the company before it became too late. If they could have been in good terms as members of the same company, they could have solved the matter before it became too late. At no name, there diversity is like a plague. It is spreading fast and the workers have started to realize that things are going wrong. Though they respect the rule that deals with diversity, to them they found this habits taking place and are therefore generational inheritance. However, the head quarters point is being faced by the challenge of senior employees not wanting to work with new recruits, and employees from different generations. They have a feeling that these diverse generation will interfere with the system and operations of the company, which have existed over a period of time. People with disabilities are not being recruited in companies, more so in china. The managers are said to have been ignoring application lettered from people with disabilities. In spite of these disabled people having all the qualifications needed for the jobs, they have been discriminated against just because of their situation. The manager, OMeara feels unstable and worried since the rejected and disabled candidates may choose to take action against the company. Human diversity causes differences in companies. Employees feel different whenever this kind of diversity occurs. Diversity such as discrimination against race, gender and age are the main causes of problems in this word. In organizations, people need to have love for one another for a country to move on from the point of view; turning down the request of a person because of disability issue is unfair, and inhuman in a way. These disabled people are also human beings and have families. In addition, they also need to take care f their daily needs, and that is why they went to school to improve their skills. These people are innocent, and should be treated fairly, and considered for jobs whenever possible. In todays world, the disabled have found it difficult to cope with situations since everybody thinks that they cannot make it in life. Hover, it is well said that disability is not inability, since these disabled people have a talent, and have even proved to be better, in terms of jo b performance, compared to the other workers (Blume, Ford, Baldwin Huang, 2010). They have shown their determination to give the best in their work areas, for they need to prove their employers and the rest of the people who ignored them that they are wrong. People need to have a positive perception towards their opponents, and love them, as well as respect them despite their situation and condition. Discrimination as a result of race leads to limited skill. When workers from different races come together, they bring different thoughts and resolutions which simply solve issues in that particular company. According to research, companies with employees from diverse origins and races are the most improving companies (Ployhart Moliterno, 2011). They have brought together different abilities and from different teachers. They teach one another different ways of handling issues, the way they do them back in their homes. This makes a single task easy to solve, but through different ways. Employees from different races respect one another, and are always focused. They go to work to do what they must do there, and are therefore focused to achieve their set goals. Discriminating against workers due to gender limits the companys chances to taste the ability of the opposite gender (Pynes, 2008). What men can do, women can also do, in the world of today. Therefore, people only need to have skill, and practice what they know in the necessary field. Everybody is therefore fit for any job opportunity provided that they have the required qualifications. They are eligible for employment in any office which requires people with the skills they have. International performance management At no name aircraft, the international performance management is not maintained at all. There are frequent complains that the company orders a certain country like china to produce a certain amount of parts. The company however comes to realize later, that same amount aircraft parts were produced in Singapore (Hill, 2008). This lowers the performance of a company, since the business is not being operated from a similar point. It therefore means that some profit is being shared out of the business. Development is triggered by training. Trained workforce cannot be compared to untrained workforce. And therefore no name aircraft company needs to train their workers. A certain female worker at no name aircraft company once said that she had to take too long before knowing to attend to her duties (Vrsmarty McIntyre et al, 2010). There were no training sessions in the country she was sent, and workers had to get to work without the knowhow. This is a clear indication that there is no good governance in no name aircraft company. Division of labor means that duties are divided amongst certain groups or individuals, to increase output. However, the division has many challenges which range from monotony, poor performance and less production. All these challenges are brought about by workers being placed in branches or being allocated duties they are not used to. They therefore get bored in doing a similar job all day long, without any change. Work requires interest, and choice is made by the workers themselves. Workers need to be trained before being allocated duties. When workers are allocated duties without the knowhow, they face challenges and may even opt to do the work for the sake of completion, not because they are willing to do it (Boxall, Macky, 2009). These duties belong to the management branch, and must be keen on it since it contributes a lot to either the positive or negative part of the company or organization At no name aircraft company, there is division of labor since they are working with people from china and Singapore. This means that there must be good relationship between the three, to improve the performance of the company (McCauley, 2012). Performance is measured by the yield obtained from the output of a companys work. There should be good communication between the three countries to make sure that they produce what is required, and no extra products in or outs of the main company in Australia. Research has shown that the world has become the ha5rdest place to accommodate the wishes of human beings. In the employment sector, employment has become an inheritance and the workers in most of the organizations are managed and operated by generations (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Woods McBarron, 2014). Managers employ their relatives and close friends, and most of these people are not fit for the jobs they acquire (Chew Chan, 2008). If by any chance another person secures a job in such companies, it is a mistake or because there is no one else who can occupy that post. The visitor does not even have peace in the company since he or she is the only odd one in the company. Though the government and the employment sector have tried to solve these problems, they have also face the challenges of coordinating people who have the ability to think and come up with resolutions. The employment sector has therefore opted to stay away from the people, and let them operate as they wish (K ehoe Wright, 2013). However, the law strongly opposes discrimination against workers; this has become a chorus which everybody sings in the world. All the efforts to stop these social evils from talking place have born no fruits. However the following resolutions can help to control diversity. Love for one another Love erases all forms of evils, and bonds people. When employees and employers love another, love will not allow them to see the disability of a person. It will instead show them that the people with disability are there because they too have needs to take care of (Collings Mellahi, 2009). These people well therefore respect each other and help the interns to cope with the new environment. When love rules an organization, there is nothing like inheritance in leadership or generational employment. The person in the office will be a friend to the opponent, and that will work towards the positive (Lengnick-Hall, Andrade Drake, 2009). Lack of love leads a company to darkness, and the end result of that company is continuous losses and closure. It is not possible for a company with people from different races or origins to incur difficulties. A tough law should be created. This law will be aimed towards the law ignorant who know all the rules and regulations of a company but are not willing to do as required. This law will include a tough punishment and a heavy fine, which will discourage other people with the same intention from becoming victims (Chen Huang, 2009). The law must be implemented immediately, since the world has completely changed. For example, in the no name company, the employers know that there is a certain rule that strongly stands against all forms of diversity ranging from race, gender, ethnicity, origin and sex. However, they are in the front line, practicing all these social evils without hesitation, or respect for the rule. The decisions have however led them to the negative side, and are now reaping what they sowed. Recommendations It is not the high time to work alone. Everybody in the society is needy in one way or the other, and success will never come in a silver platter. There must be hard work which leads to success, if worked towards the positive. People should therefore assume that everybody around them is a brother or a sister, and requires to be treated fairly. Work has to be shared so as to improve performance. There is no way that a manager can manage the machines in the office without operating them. And since he cannot operate them all at once, he needs to have employees who will assist him it operating them. May be he does not even have the knowledge of operating the machines, but the workers will do so since that is what they are trained to do (Jiang, Lepak, Hu, Baer, 2012). This means that every worker has a part to play in the office, despite their condition. On the side of the workers, they cannot practice their skills in their house, but they instead have to practice what they know in an of fice, or in the necessary areas. They also need to practice their knowledge in a way that earns them a living, since they need to earn a living. Conclusion Todays world has changed, as compared to the past. Though social evils were not as famous as they are today, there were still other challenges which where faced during those times. However, today, in this world of technology, social evils have become difficult to control, and also part and parcel of human beings. However, our fore fathers were still colonized by greedy power states, who misused them. This was fair in a way that after the colonizers achieved their set goal; they left and went back to their states. It is not the high time to stay divided, because we will never achieve what we need in life. Employees and employers should live as brothers and sisters, and try to avoid diversity whenever possible. Everybody in the society has the senses, and no one feels goods when being hurt by an action, a word, or a close friend. We are all human beings and everybody will need the assistance of the other someday. We should therefore eliminate the differences and always see a brother, a sister or a friend in every other person we meet in life References Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human resource management, 48(5), 677-693. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of management, 36(4), 1065-1105. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2009). Research and theory on high?performance work systems: progressing the high?involvement stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(1), 3-23. Chen, C. J., Huang, J. W. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of business research, 62(1), 104-114. Chew, J., Chan, C. C. (2008). Human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to stay. International journal of manpower, 29(6), 503-522. Collings, D. G., Mellahi, K. (2009). Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda. Human resource management review, 19(4), 304-313. Gagn, M. (2009). A model of knowledge?sharing motivation. Human Resource Management, 48(4), 571-589. Gruman, J. A., Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123-136. Hamel, G. (2008). The future of management. Human Resource Management International Digest, 16(6). Harzing A. Pinningtion (Eds) (2015) International Human Resource Management (Fourth Edition), by , SAGE. Hill, C. (2008). International business: Competing in the global market place. Strategic Direction, 24(9). Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of management Journal, 55(6), 1264-1294. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 39(2), 366-391. Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Andrade, L. S., Drake, B. (2009). Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field. Human resource management review, 19(2), 64-85. McCauley, S. (2012). Introduction. In The Dilemma of Boundaries (pp. 117-121). Springer, Tokyo. Ployhart, R. E., Moliterno, T. P. (2011). Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model. Academy of management review, 36(1), 127-150. Pynes, J. E. (2008). Human resources management for public and nonprofit organizations: A strategic approach (Vol. 30). John Wiley Sons. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, P., Simon, A., McBarron, E. (2014). Management: Foundations and Applications (2nd Asia-Pacific Edition). John Wiley Sons. Subramony, M. (2009). A meta?analytic investigation of the relationship between HRM bundles and firm performance. Human resource management, 48(5), 745-768. Vrsmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., ... Davies, P. M. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467(7315), 555.

Sociological theories of interpersonal violence Essay Example

Sociological theories of interpersonal violence Paper Violence can mean many different things to different people. The term violence can be used precisely or vaguely and can take many different forms including physical, sexual, verbal, psychological, emotional, social, spatial and financial abuse. This makes it very difficult to find a definition of violence that works for all situations and at all times. Therefore violence, what is meant by violence, and whether there is a notion of violence at all, are historically, socially and culturally constructed (Hearn 1998: 15). What is named as violent in one situation may not be named as violent in another; therefore violence is both historically and culturally specific. There are many different theories as to why men are more violent than women. These theories include biological theories, which focus on hormonal patterns and aggression; psychological theories, which focus on personality types and disorders; psychoanalysis, which looks at projection and displacement and sociological theories, which focus on concepts grounded in interpersonal, collective, institutional, structural or societal processes (Hearn 1998: 17). Biological theories propose that women are naturally less violent than men. Maccoby and Jacklin (1975) describe how women display aggression and interpersonal responses which are different to that of men, which mean that situations are usually resolved without incurring violent behaviour. Biological theories of how violence naturally occurs rely on explanations of differences between male and female chromosomes, hormones, genetics and territoriality. During research in the 1960s biologists found a number of genetic abnormalities in the cells of humans. As Ainsworth (2000) describes, one of these abnormalities was a condition which was labelled XYY. The name came from the discovery that a small proportion of males had an extra Y chromosome (males normally have one X and one Y chromosome, hence XY). This meant that the men with XYY had double male chromosomes, an abnormality which became nicknamed the supermale syndrome. The syndrome became associated with violent crime as it was claimed that these men were twice as aggressive and violent than the average male (Price et al. 1966 and Jarvik et al. 1973 Cited in Ainsworth 2000). However, later research showed that while XYY males were more likely to be involved with crime they were not necessarily more likely to be involved with specifically violent crimes (Witken at al. 1976 Cited in Ainsworth 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological theories of interpersonal violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological theories of interpersonal violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological theories of interpersonal violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some biologists suggest that human aggression is hereditary. As Ainsworth (2000) describes, one way of examining this claim is through the studies of twins. Identical twins have identical genetic make-up, so if aggression is hereditary then both twins should, in theory, display identical levels of aggression. However from studies carried out of identical twins that are brought up in different environments it has been shown that they often display different levels off aggression and therefore theorists have suggested that levels of aggression are much more closely related to environment rather than genetic make-up. Biological explanations are highly criticised for neglecting ideas of power, cultural and historical relativity and morality. Psychological explanations, on the other hand, locate explanation in mind, mental processs that transcend sex/gender or nature of the male of masculine psyche (Hearn 1998: 20). However, both biological and psychological explanations are criticised because they dont address interrelations of body and society, and of body, mind and society. (Hearn 1998: 20). This leads us to the psychoanalytical explanations of violence which include intrapsychic conflict, personality disorders, denial mechanisms, developmental deficiencies/impaired ego, narcissism, traumatic childhood, machoism (Dankwort 1992-3 cited in Hearn 1998: 21). Through the psychoanalytical perspective it is not violence that is the focus of attention, but instead the dynamics of violence which are more closely considered. Hearn (1998) describes how Freudian and Neo-freudian theorists believe that violence is internally driven, in other words violence is located inside a person. Freud describes how exaggerated masculinities cause men to act violently to compensate for their fears of femininity and of women taking control. Chodorow (1978 cited in Hearn 1998) goes on to explain how the development of a rigid ego is created by men to cope with separation from their mother and the absence of their father. This rigid ego derives from notions of how to be a man which involves the idea of the need to be aggressive in order to show masculinity. However psychoanalytical theories are criticised for placing too much blame on the victim. For example, in the case of domestic violence it is suggested that women let it happen because of treatment they received as children. Because of this psychoanalytical theories are often labelled as not feminist or antiwoman. (Hearn 1998: 21). Despite this, psychoanalytical explanations remain very powerful and influential in the social sciences, although more socially located theories have become increasingly significant. Socially located theories suggest then it is men with social dispositions, not psychological dispositions who are prone to violence (Hearn 1998). There are various socially located theories which include the Social Learning Theory, Socialization and Cognitive-Behavioural Analysis. All of these are based on the same basic idea that mens violence is behaviour which men learn. Although psychoanalytical theories suggest that observing other people committing violence or even expressing ones anger in a non-violent way may actually reduce violence in a person, this is not the case in sociological explanations where it is believed that violence is externally derived. Sociologists argue that violent behaviour can be closely related to an individuals socialization, namely through learning theories. Jones (2000) describes how there is a possibility that the expression of some violent behaviour is causally connected to either observation or experience of aggression. He discusses how human behaviour is based on learned experiences rather than instinct or some other innate characteristic (Jones 2000: 49). One of the best-known sociological theories of socialization is Sutherlands theory of differential association (Sutherland 1947 cited in Jones 2000). He argues that cultural, in this case delinquent, behaviour is learnt through interaction with others. Most people come into contact with both law-breaking people and law-abiding people, but it is when a person has more contact with the law-breakers that they become delinquent. Ray (2000 cited in Hearn 1998) describes how the crisis of masculinity could also be a causal factor of male violence. The crisis of masculinity refers to, amongst other things, increasing unemployment combined with increasing womens equality. Due to unemployment young men or lads begin spending more time on the street, (they dont want to go home as they believe that home is the womans place) and so have more chance to commit crime. Real manhood is based on devotion to group membership, particularly that of street gangs. These gangs or subcultures (Hearn 1998: 30) use violence as a way of confirming status in street culture and so encourage young men to act aggressively and violently. Sutherlands theory of differential association (1947 cited in Jones 2000) becomes clear in Rays (2000 cited in Hearn 1998) connection between real manhood and male violence; a person becomes violent because of stronger exposure to people who commit violence than those who dont, through association with other violent males on the streets. The social learning theory outlines the idea that violence is observed and then reproduced or imitated and focuses on past experiences, especially from childhood (Hearn 1998). According to social learning theorists early experiences in the childhood form a persons personality, basically if a child witnesss a parent being violent they are more likely to be violent themselves, even if it does not become obvious until later in their adult life. However social learning theorists also accept that if children witness violence being used as a punishment then they are less likely to copy, and therefore will be deterred from violence (Bandura 1973; 1977). Children develop learned patterns of violence through intergenerational relations (Hearn 1998; Hoffman et al 1994; Ainsworth 2000). However the exact process of learning violence is often less clear and there is a divide between theorists who believe that individuals learn through cognitive structuring, personality formation, behavioural reinforcement and modelling (Jones 2000; Hearn 1998). Cognitive-behavioural analysis looks at particular forms of learning that have taken place for particular individuals and how reproduction of violence occurs through intergenerational learning and socialization. Goldstein (1989:124 cited in Hearn 1998) identifies the three main areas in which aggression is learned: in the home, school and the mass media. He theorises that learning is either direct through individual practice of aggression or indirect through observation of people being rewarded for aggressive behaviour. Hotaling and Sugarman (1986) suggest that men who are violent to their wives were traumatized as children, either through being abused themselves or through witnessing abuse of their mother by their father, again focusing on the intergenerational production of violence. Bandura (1973; 1977), a major proponent of Social Learning Theory, combined aspects of behaviourism and cognitive psychology. He argued that people learn their behaviours not only through the idea of rewards and punishments achieved through certain types of behaviour but also through observing other peoples actions. By doing this individuals can learn to anticipate the effectiveness of particular courses of action in achieving desired goals (Jones 2000: 51; Hoffman at al 1994). To reinforce his theory Bandura conducted an experiment involving a Bobo doll (Bandura 1973; 1977). In this experiment, he had some children witness an adult aggressively attacking a plastic clown called the Bobo doll. The children watched a video where a model aggressively beat up a doll. In order to frustrate the children, after the video they were placed in a room with attractive toys, but they could not touch them. Then the children who had watched the video and some other children who had not witnessed the violence, were led to another room where there were identical toys to those used in the Bobo video. Bandura found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model (Ainsworth 2000; Bandura 1973; Bandura 1977; Hoffman et al 1994; Jones 2000). However there are also many criticisms of these theories as the exact process of how social learning or socialization takes place is often unclear and often represent a very simple explanation of how violence happens and is reproduced. Hearn (1998: 27) also claims that there is an under theorization of gender amongst the socially located theories. Certain questions such as why dont girls copy violence like boys do? and why do boys understand and imitate the violence of men but not the violation of women? are extremely important issues which are not addressed in these explanations of male violence. Another set of theories which attempts to explain why men are more violent than women are reactive theories, which can be either psychological or sociological in focus. Reactive theories are based on the idea that violence is a response to external conditions, men use violence when their goals are blocked and non-violent alternatives are ineffective (Hearn 1998). The stress theory suggests that certain factors such as low income, unemployment, part time employment and a large number of children are more likely to cause stress to men which can make them more prone to violence. Despite this, it would be unfair to isolate stress as a causal factor of violence because it is a constant feature of everyday life which everyone, both men and women, have to deal with. Another criticism of this theory is that if stress is a single causal factor of violence then why is it mainly men and not women whoare violent? (Hearn 1998). Reactive theories also look at the abuse of alcohol as an exernal factor, and how this can cause men to act violently. However as Horsfall (1991) outlines alcohol cannot be seen as a direct cause of violence. She concludes that if alcohol is a causal factor of violence, why do some men react violoently when others do not and why does the social structuring of boys and men bring them up to think that in order to feel like a manyou must drink with the boys, often to excess. The construction of gender is a very useful starting point to understand why men are more violent than women. As Moore (1994) writes, discourses about gender construct women and men as different sorts of persons. Discourse that is used to describe men is active; men are portrayed as aggressive, thrusting and powerful (Moore 1994: 138). Whereas discourse that describes women is usually passive; women are portrayed as essentially powerless, submissive and receptive (Moore 1994: 138). However, these constructions actually only have the most peripheral relation to the behaviours of individual women and men. Moore (1994) goes onto describe how discourses engender women and men as persons who are defined by difference(Moore 1994: 139). They produce discursive effects which produce gender difference, therefore producing symbolic or culturally constructed categories of women and men as different from each other. The discourse used to conceptualize violence is also very important as it often tends to take the focus, blame and responsibility away from the man who commits the violence and pushes it towards the family. Phrases such as domestic violence, conjugal violence, marital violence and family violence are often used and although it is important to acknowledge the relational nature of gender and relational context of violence it is equally important not to reduce violence to the product of the relationship' (Hearn 1998: 28). So far we have identified that, according to socially located theories, violence is produced and reproduced through learning, socialization, modelling and imitation, and this can be conceptualized as producing an environment of violence which operates over time (Hearn 1998: 29), for example intergenerational violence. Cultural theorists go on to discuss how these environments can be thought of as a culture with norms and values, or a system with systematic characteristics. They shift the focus away from the individual to take into consideration social relations and raise important issues such as cycles of violence, whereby the victimiser may once have been the victim themselves (Geffner 1989: 107). Multi causal explanations of violence are very important and claim that violence is a result of not just one individual force, but numerous factors working together. Multi causal theorists bring all, or at least some, of the theories I have already discussed together. Edleson et al (1985) put forward a multicausal explanation where they combine: ideas of violence in the mans family origin from the social learning theory; personal characteristics, such as an individuals attitudes and ideas towards violence taken from the psychoanalytical approach; the use of substances as an external force from the reactive theory; and they also condsider the context of violence by looking at demographic and relationship variables and specific violent events from a mans past.

The Legend of Lucretia in Roman History

The Legend of Lucretia in Roman History The legendary rape of Roman noblewoman Lucretia by Tarquin, king of Rome, and her subsequent suicide are credited as inspiring the revolt against the Tarquin family by Lucius Junius Brutus which led to the founding of the Roman Republic. Dates: 6th century BCE. The rape of Lucretia is said by Livy to have happened in 509 BCE.Also known as: Lucrece Where Is Her Story Documented? The Gauls destroyed Roman records in 390 BCE, so any contemporaneous records were destroyed. Stories from before that time are likely to be more legend than history. The legend of Lucretia is reported by Livy in his Roman history. In his story, she was the daughter of Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, sister of Publius Lucretius Tricipitinus, niece of Lucius Junius Brutus, and wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus (Conlatinus) who was the son of Egerius.    Her story is also told in Ovids Fasti. The Story of Lucretia The story begins with a drinking bet between some young men at the home of Sextus Tarquinius, a son of the king of Rome. They decide to surprise their wives to see how they behave when they are not expecting their husbands. The wife of Collatinus, Lucretia, is behaving virtuously, while the wives of the kings sons are not. Several days later, Sextus Tarquinius goes to Collatinus home and is given hospitality. When everyone else is asleep in the house, he goes to Lucretias bedroom and threatens her with a sword, demanding and begging that she submit to his advances. She shows herself to be unafraid of death, and then he threatens that he will kill her and place her nude body next to the nude body of a servant, bringing shame on her family as this will imply adultery with her social inferior. She submits, but in the morning calls her father, husband, and uncle to her, and she tells them how she has lost her honor and demands that they avenge her rape. Though the men try to convince her that she bears no dishonor, she disagrees and kills herself, her punishment for losing her honor. Brutus, her uncle, declares that they will drive the king and all his family from Rome and never have a king in Rome again. When her body is publicly displayed, it reminds many others in Rome of acts of violence by the kings family. Her rape is thus the trigger for the Roman revolution. Her uncle and husband are leaders of the revolution and the newly-established republic. Lucretias brother and husband are the first Roman consuls. The legend of Lucretia- a woman who was sexually violated and therefore shamed her male kinsmen who then took revenge against the rapist and his family- was used not only in the Roman republic to represent proper womanly virtue, but was used by many writers and artists in later times. William Shakespeares The Rape of Lucrece In 1594, Shakespeare wrote a narrative poem about Lucretia. The poem is 1855 lines long, with 265 stanzas. Shakespeare used the story of Lucretias rape in four of his poems via allusions: Cybeline, Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, and Taming of the Shrew. the poem was published by printer Richard Field and sold by John Harrison the Elder, a bookseller in St. Pauls Churchyard. Shakespeare drew from both Ovids version in Fasti  and Livys in his history of Rome.

The good the bad and the ugly parts of being a nursing assistant in Essay

The good the bad and the ugly parts of being a nursing assistant in long term care - Essay Example The Good: Lucky to know the patients and residents better. The amount of information sharing, if time permits, about past experiences, adventures, achievements, failures etc. are enriching the life of a CNA as a listener simultaneously encouraging the other side of reviving the past or relieving the suffering. Listening is the best counseling. The difference you can make in someones life! The shift meetings, specific duties, routines, recording the vital signs, escorting patients, mobility support, assisting with eating meals etc. all hold good. The Bad: Waking up the patients or residents, helping with dressing, bathroom, errands, severe mood or depression, injury, arguments, non-co-operative patients, and extreme physical and emotional demands as well as recording activities and incidents is at times unpleasant. The Ugly: The evening routine of changing residents into pajamas, personal hygiene, bathroom visits, changing diapers, emptying bedpans and the emotional stress of seeing a patient or resident dying, one feels at times, unpalatable. Conclusion: As a CNA I laugh, visit, and console patients and residents and I enjoy my work. As Suzanne Sweezy (2010) rightly said, â€Å"CNA description is not one filled with fast paced excitement or overly appreciative supervisors† but if you ask me if I enjoy being a CNA, then the answer is always a resounding

Potential Costs of Adopting a Free Trade Regime Research Paper

Potential Costs of Adopting a Free Trade Regime - Research Paper Example Having a free trade regime requires more products to be created thus more waste gets ejected into the environment (Scott, 2003). Therefore, the environment would be heavily destroyed countries that manufacture goods for export than those that import. Workers in major importing countries would also pay heavily for their jobs (Scott, 2003). This is because; countries that import more have higher labor and production costs. These costs need to be cut, and thanks to a free market, their jobs would be moved to countries that have lower production and labor costs. The transfer of jobs to lower cost countries would lead to mass displacement of people (Jie, n.d., para. 2). This would be in order to create more space for manufacturing industries. Agricultural activities would be affected, as farmers’ land would be alienated. The government should intervene as all these issues affect its subjects. They should do so by regulating the disposal of waste and ensure job security. In addition , they should seek alternative means that lead to reduced production costs. As a result, jobs for many workers would be secured, and the cost of living will not be elevated. In conclusion, free trade regimes usually open borders for free trade, which bring the positive impact. However, the price to pay for this is really high, and; therefore, governments should intervene.