Adoption And Identity Formation Essay -- essays research papers

There has been an enormous amount of research conducted about adoptees and their problems with identity formation. Many of the researchers agree on some of the causes of identity formation problems in adolescent adoptees, while other researchers conclude that there is no significant difference in identity formation in adoptees and birth children. This paper will discuss some of the research which has been conducted and will attempt to answer the following questions: Do adoptees have identity formation difficulties during adolescence? If so, what are some of the causes of these vicissitudes? Is there a significant difference between identity formation of adoptees and nonadoptees?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The National Adoption Center reports that fifty-two percent of adoptable children have attachment disorder symptoms. It was also found that the older the child when adopted, the higher the risk of social maladjustment (Benson et al., 1998). This is to say that a child who is adopted at one-week of age will have a better chance of “normal'; adjustment than a child who is adopted at the age of ten. This may be due in part to the probability that an infant will learn how to trust, where as a ten-year-old may have more difficulty with this task, depending on his history. Eric Erickson, a developmental theorist, discusses trust issues in his theory of development. The first of Erickson’s stages of development is Trust v. Mistrust. A child who experiences neglect or abuse can have this stage of development severely damaged. An adopted infant may have the opportunity to fully learn trust, where as an older child may have been shuffled from foster home to grou p home as an infant, thereby never learning trust. Even though Trust v. Mistrust is a major stage of development, “the greatest psychological risk for adopted children occurs during the middle childhood and adolescent years'; (McRoy et al., 1990). As children grow and change into adolescents, they begin to search for an identity by finding anchoring points with which to relate. Unfortunately, adopted children do not have a biological example to which to turn (Horner & Rosenberg, 1991), unless they had an open adoption in which they were able to form a relationship with their biological families as well as their adoptive ones. Also key to the development of trust is the ab... ..., K., Kotsopoulos, S., Oke, L., Pentland, N., Sheahan, P., & Stavrakaki, C. (1988). Psychiatric Disorders in Adopted Children: A Controlled Study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58(4), 608-611.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hajal, F., & Rosenberg, E. (1991). The Family Life Cycle in Adoptive Families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(1), 78-85.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horner, T., & Rosenberg, E. (1991). Birthparent Romances and Identity Formation in Adopted Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(1), 70-77.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kelly, M., Martin, B., Rigby, A., & Towner-Thyrum, E. (1998). Adjustment and Identity Formation in Adopted and Nonadopted Young Adults: Contributions of a Family Enviornment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 497-500.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McRoy, R., Grotevant, H., Furuta, A., & Lopez, S. (1990). Adoption Revelation and Communication Issues: Implications for Practice. Families in Society, 71, 550-557.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wegar, K. (1995). Adoption and Mental Health: A Theoretical Critique of the Psychopathological Model. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(4), 540-548.

Organizational Staffing Plan

The purpose of this paper is to provide the lending institution with the required staffing organizational plan for the start-up new small business. This plan will explain the major staffing areas planned for the new coffee shop. This plan is based on approved human resource staffing principles. Employment Relationships The employment relationship that is planned is that of an Employer-Employee relationship. This will allow management to hire, train and schedule the staff. Of course, this will also mean that as the employer, the coffee shop will have certain legal responsibilities in regards to employment.One of these responsibilities is paying the employees at a fair rate. This rate must be at least $8. 25, which is the minimum wage in the District of Columbia. (â€Å"Minimum Wage,† 2013, table 1) This includes withholding the necessary payroll taxes, income and Social Security, and paying the necessary employer taxes, unemployment compensation and employer share of Medicare a nd Social Security. The coffee shop is also responsible for maintaining a safe working environment, as set forth by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).This will ensure safety in the workplace. Avoiding Claims of Disparate Treatment Claims of disparate treatment involve allegations of intentional discrimination in which the employer knowingly and deliberately discriminated against people on the basis of specific characteristics such as race or sex. (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012’, p. 58) In order to avoid these claims all parties need to be educated and trained. At the coffee shop this begins with a strong Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) policy that all parties are held accountable to.All business should be conducted with EEO in mind. This means that recruitment, hiring, and promotions should be conducted with the intent to place the best qualified person in the job. The coffee shop intends to have an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) pro gram. This will assist in opening the lines of communication and hopefully, resolve disputes before claims are made. However, if a claim is filed it is the intention of the coffee shop to protect the employee from any type of retaliation. External Influences to StaffingThe economic conditions and the labor market will play a major role in the efforts to staff the coffee shop. Economic conditions that are expected to affect the coffee shop are high turnover. Labor market conditions will also affect the coffee shop through labor supply, labor shortages, and employment arrangements. It stands to reason that because the coffee shop will located next to a college campus, it is anticipated that some, if not most, of the staff will be college students. This will both hinder and assist in staffing efforts.High turnover will probably be the norm for the coffee shop. This would be due to the labor supply. Because the coffee shop will be located next to a college campus, it is highly probable that the staff will include a large amount of students. As these students graduate they will move on to jobs in their educational career field. This, of course, will lead to a higher turnover rate. This can be overcome with careful employment strategies. These strategies include diverse employment arrangements. Flexible scheduling may be the most feasible arrangement.This will allow the coffee shop to hire a more highly motivated workforce that will be able to balance their personal life with work. Incorporating full-time shifts into the schedule may also assist in attracting and retaining a non-student staff. Plan to Manage Employee Shortages or Surpluses In order to manage for employee shortages and surpluses it will be very important to monitor the nearby college’s schedule. For example, summer may be a slower business time because there are fewer students on campus.This will cause a labor surplus. However, in the fall when the campus is active, the coffee shop may suffer a labor shortage. This can be addressed by maintaining a larger part-time staff year round. In this way, staffing hours can be scaled back in the summer. Also, the coffee shop must factor in the high turnover rate that the college student graduates will provide in the spring. This will probably lead to an aggressive hiring strategy that would not need to be executed until the fall. Strategy for Workplace DiversityOne of the strategies that the coffee shop will need to implement to ensure diversity would be to recruit from a variety of arenas. The college campus can provide a very diverse pool of applicants. However, it would also be highly beneficial for the coffee shop to recruit non-student applicants. This will only add to the diversity that the students would bring. In order to reach the non-student population it would be wise to run advertisements in the local newspaper and post announcements in community locations outside of the campus.Job Analysis for Key Positions In order t o recruit the staff for the coffee shop, it is imperative to have accurate job descriptions for the key positions. This can only be done by conducting an effective job analysis. This job analysis will help to identify what requirements are necessary for the job. This will enable the new employee to successfully perform the duties of the position. A good place to begin would be to list the tasks that the store manager/coffee servers would be responsible for.Then determine the dimension that the task falls in. At that time, determine the importance of each task/dimension. Develop the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics (KSAOs). Finally, it is the time to develop the job description. Store Managers The most critical factors used in staffing these positions will be their leadership skills and their ability to motivate the staff. Some of the qualifications needed for this position are retail experience, supervisory experience, and experience analyzing financial report s.Some of the KSAOs for the position of store manager are ability to manage effectively in a fast-paced environment, ability to manage store operations independently, ability to manage multiple situations simultaneously, ability to manage resources ensuring established service levels are achieved at all times, interpersonal skills, knowledge of customer service techniques, organization and planning skills, team-building skills, ability to plan and prioritize workload, and ability to handle confidential and sensitive information, .There would also be educational requirements that include a high school diploma and a college degree in business or a closely related field may substitute for a portion of the required experience.Because of the physicality of the job, the physical requirements would include constant standing/walking, occasional stooping, kneeling or crawling, constant computer/POS Register and bar equipment usage, constant talking, expressing or exchanging ideas by means of the spoken word, and constant clarity of vision at near and/or far distances. (â€Å"Store Manager,† 2013) Coffee Servers The most critical factors used in staffing the coffee server positions would be there customer service skills and their ability to be dependable.Some of the qualifications for these positions would be maintain regular and consistent attendance and punctuality with or without reasonable accommodation, meet store operating policies and standards, including providing quality beverages and food products, cash handling and store safety and security, with or without reasonable accommodation, Engage with and understand our customers, including discovering and responding to customer needs through clear and pleasant communication, comply with a dress code that prohibits displaying tattoos, piercings in excess of two per ear, and unnatural hair colors, such as blue or pink, and available to perform many different tasks within the store during each shift. The KSAOs would include the ability to learn quickly, strong interpersonal skills, the ability to work as part of a team, and the ability to build relationships. (â€Å"Barista,† 2013)

A Rose For Emily and The Lottery - 1172 Words

Get Over the Past, Focus on the Present â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Lottery†, by Shirley Jackson are both short stories that deal with conflict from either the community or individually. Faulkner hints us readers the main conflict in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is not only Emily but other characters in this short story. For â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson hints the readers the conflict is more on the social side meaning the community or society not only the main characters. But the main comparisons between these two short stories are the characters, and the communities that seem to be stuck in the past. William Faulkner starts the short story off with saying the character Emily, from â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is dead. Faulkner divides†¦show more content†¦Now since it’s a ritual it was something you had to do, that’s when everyone in the village including Tessie’s family picked up rocks and threw it to her. â€Å"It isn’t fair, it isn’t right.† (192) Tessie constantly is yelling this because she knew this wasn’t right, it wasn’t right to kill an innocent over a ritual. Both these short stories seem to fall in a similar comparison which is conflict between individual and the community. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† gives away that Emily is stubborn; she doesn’t care at what anyone says of her. But in this short story it’s not only one conflict, its several conflicts we notice. One was Emily’s father; she didn’t want to let his body go because he was her only life especially since he was controlled. Another conflict was the community and Emily. People that lived in that town would always say rumors, and basically won’t help her they would just sit back and wait. Then we have Emily and Homer Baron, Emily was lonely, and Homer seemed to be the only person that was someone she loved. Even if i t didn’t turn out the way she hoped, she knew just having his presence there was enough. So this shows Emily had conflicts with reality, present and past, and being lonely. â€Å"The Lottery†, on the other hand was conflict between community and individuality, for example Tessie and the village she was living in. The whole ritual â€Å"The Lottery† symbolizes any sin or any bad behavior that has been caused to be passed downShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily, A Worn Path, and The Lottery1175 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily,† â€Å"A Worn Path,† and â€Å"The Lottery† by William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, and Shirley Jackson all have similar writing styles in their literature. In these three short stories the authors all use contrasting nature within their literature to predict the outcome and to learn for the upcoming events in the readings. The authors take subliminal phrases and subliminal symbolic text to have the reader become mo re attached and understand more of what the characters, setting and theme of theRead MoreThe Tell-Tale Heart, A Rose For Emily, And The Lottery700 Words   |  3 Pageslife. For example, movie theaters always have a horror film showing, which shows that they are very common and enjoyed thoroughly by people young and old. Many short stories include horror, as well, including â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and â€Å"The Lottery.† Horror is developed in the stories listed, and they are extremely unique in their own ways. To begin, the horror develops through the murder of the old man in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart.† The author compares the evil eye to a vulture’s eye;Read MoreEssay about A Rose for Emily vs the Lottery940 Words   |  4 Pages There are many ways that a reader can be prepared for the ending of a story, â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† are two very grueling short stories with a long suspense and a similar plot. The narrator’s stance in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† was first-person observer, which is defined as a single character point of view in which the narrator was is not involved with the story and the narrator’s stance in â€Å"The Lottery† was third-person anonymous which is involves a narrator that does not enter any mindsRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose f or Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short storiesRead More Tradition in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery656 Words   |  3 PagesTradition in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery People throughout the world do things for many different reasons. Religion, peer pressure, or tradition are some of the reasons the people do things. In the U.S. we have many traditions such as Christmas. Some people have strange or out of the ordinary traditions. The two short stories ?The Lottery? and ?A Rose for Emily? both portray tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?The Lottery?, tradition is showed in three main waysRead MoreTraditions in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner1176 Words   |  5 Pagesto do whatever they want. There are a lot of comparisons between The Lottery by Shirley Jackson to the short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner. In the short story â€Å"the Lottery† by Shirley Jackson has a very unique twist and different traditions. This story is about how the whole community is coming together for a gathering every once a year. It is not any happy gathering that people might think it would be. The lottery is a tradition that the community has picked up after years back andRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily And Shirley Jackson s `` The Lottery ``1061 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery† short stories have a unique way of sharing similarities but have their differences. Both authors open up their stories as a quite everyday small town with everyday people. Faulkner and Jackson both use an individual type of foreshowing and use a great deal of imagery to pull the reader into their story. There is a history behind each story and each with their own family backgrounds. Tradition has a major rol e in each asRead MoreAmerican Gothic Compare and Contrast Essay 930 Words   |  4 Pagesthe truth is, how things really happened and it doesn’t sugar coat anything. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Emily becomes a sad and depressed person who will do something completely unexpected. In â€Å"The Lottery† the townspeople have a twisted tradition that takes place once a year. These two stories have a lot of comparison and contrast dealing with theme, foreshadowing and imagery. Both â€Å" The Lottery† and â€Å" A Rose for Emily† are American Gothic, they focus more on the dark side of life. For example â€Å" ThenRead MoreIn Both Faulkner’S â€Å"A Rose For Emily† And Shirley Jackson’S1110 Words   |  5 PagesIn both Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† we see many examples in which tradition conflicts with modernity. Even in today’s society, there is a lot of change, which results in tradition conflicting with modernity. Traditions are normally something that is passed down from generation to generation, but modernity clashes with tradition because as societies continue to develop, they are more inclined to change. This is when tradition conflicts with modernity; when peopleRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: A Rose For Emily Author: William Faulkner I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts A Rose For Emily talks about the theme tradition against change. Emily, sine he lives from the past, can be considered as the tradition. Because she lives from the past and is consider as the tradition a lot of people from the town doesn t understand her. Also, symbolisms in the short story are also present. Emily s house is symbol that represents the only remaining emblem in Southern aristocracy. Emily s house

My Research On Substance Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 302 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Substance Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Earlier this year my family became troubled as a growing awareness of substance abuse within our home came to light. It was a tremendous shock, evidently this was an unexpected event. Unbeknownst to us we would struggle through the next following months in fear of this weed which grabbed hold of our garden. It is common for users to exhibit unnatural behavior, which we of course encountered numerous amounts of time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Research On Substance Abuse" essay for you Create order As an elder sister, I was naturally concerned for my brother. The outcome was always the unknown, it was like that dark corner in your bedroom, the one where there was no light. The struggle continues even to this day. Our Father isnt even sure if my brother had stopped the substance abuse. Although, he has an inkling feeling that this problem still continues. We are not alone in this either. Many families go through similar struggles with a family member. It is estimated that there are between 119 million and 244 million cannabis users worldwide. And the number is continuously rising. Reports from Hospital ERs state that the majority of these users are young adults. The death toll continues rising along with the number of users which is tremendously worrisome.   These substances are profoundly popular and particularly appealing to the young people (as young as ten years old). These young people are being roped into these situations seeking a different experience without knowing the consequences that could follow. Literature Review: As I commenced my research I came across an article, Synthetic Marijuana: A Recent Turmoil in Substance Abuse by Tellioglu, Tahir, and Celebi, Fahri. This intriguing article explains in detail the information regarding Marijuana, and other substances alike. They explain how Marijuana is one of many commonly abused substances which are often than not, consumed for their impact on the body.

Antigone Character Analysis - 1071 Words

Sophocles’s Antigone depicts the struggle between two different characters with their own struggles, doubts, and beliefs. The play opens with the eponymous character lamenting a terrible situation to her sister Ismene. Their brothers Eteocles and Polyneices fought over the throne and killed each other in battle. Creon, their uncle, has forbade anyone to bury Polyneices, since he is considered a traitor to the city of Thebes. As the king, Creon holds the authority of the state above family ties, refusing to â€Å"count the enemy of the land / friend to [himself]† (187-188). Antigone believes the opposite; her loyalty to her family is more important than her loyalty to her king. She asserts that she â€Å"never shall be found to be [her brother’s]†¦show more content†¦He states that â€Å"I am no man and she the man instead / if she can have this conquest without pain† (484-485). In addition to threatening his authority, Antigone threatens Creon’s masculinity. He constantly references the fact that Antigone is a woman as a negative attribute, and implies that part of his humiliation comes from the fact that a woman is defying him. When he condemns her to death, he proclaims, â€Å"No woman rules me while I live† (525). Ismene tries to share the blame with her sister, but Antigone rejects her efforts and resolves to die alone. Ismene shows love and concern for her sister, asking, â€Å"When you are gone what life can I desire?† (548), but Antigone brushes her off, telling her to save herself but that â€Å"I shall not envy you† (553). Antigone and Ismene never share any true solidarity or support for each other; this may be one of the reasons why Antigone feels so alone. Ismene is inconsistent with her support, first rejecting Antigone’s idea and then trying to share in the blame. As soon as Ismene disagrees, Antigone all but disowns her and rejects help and support from her sister. In her stubbornness, Antigone destroys her relationship with one of the only people who is loyal to her. Haemon, Creon’s son and Antigone’s fiance, arrives and tries to convince his father to reverse his decision since the people of Thebes do notShow MoreRelatedAntigone Character Analysis1422 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone, the final play in a series including Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, discusses the ideas of leadership, family, and choices. It features two central characters: Antigone, a girl who chooses to illegally bury her brother, and Creon, a king who decrees the burial of the brother to be illegal. Upon the first encounter of the text, it appears that Antigone is the â€Å"hero† of the play, but on further analysis, one realizes that the tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, is actually Creon. The ideaRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Antigone1533 Words   |  7 Pagesplay centers around a young girl, Antigone, that is determined to bury her wronged brother even though it will end in her imminent death. Creon, the king, has deemed it illegal for anyone to bury Antigone’s brother’s body, even though it is the female family member s duty given by the gods to perform the burial. Antigone stuck to her oath to bury her brother and is caught by Creon and sentenced to death. One of the main themes in this play is family. Each character s ending will be tragic due toRead MoreAntigone Character Analysis1468 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play of Antigone, Sophicles creates a plot that I believe playfully would make viewers sympathetic of the protagonist Antigone. At the beginning of the play, viewers obviously were very sympathetic to Antigone. All she wanted to do was bury her dead brother, and Kreon made it illegal to do such a deed. However, as the play went on, I gai ned more and more insight on Kreon and my opinion changed. Although Antigone sacrificed her life for what she believed was right, I sympathize more with KreonRead MoreAntigone Character Analysis927 Words   |  4 PagesThis theme comes to life in Sophocles’ Antigone, as he illustrates the internal and external struggles of complex characters. The play follows Antigone, a young rebellious girl betrothed to the king’s son. Haemon, prince of Thebes, finds his loyalty caught between his father’s legalistic ways and Antigone’s,   which stem from emotion. In Antigone, Haemon reveals himself as a tragic hero through his struggle between obedience to his father and his love for Antigone. His struggle reveals how obedienceRead MoreAntigone Character Analysis916 Words   |  4 PagesSophocles’ play Antigone, my initial impression of Creon was that his beliefs of the law and the state were rational because of his role as a ruler. But as the play progresse d, I began to disagree with his behavior and his values because he only focused on his own moral beliefs rather than considering the beliefs of other people, which could have resolved conflict. Throughout the play, the theme of authority of the state and religion is represented through the individual beliefs of Antigone and Creon.Read MoreAntigone Character Analysis Essay603 Words   |  3 PagesIn Antigone, Antigone braves through all of her hardships and decisions with her morals and set of values. She dies with pride and no regret for she died because she acted doing what was morally right. Many Greek writers disagree with these traits that Sophocles has given her but it is appropriate because she needed these traits to show defiance and be able to stand up for what is right. Antigone is a tragic heroine who believes in her duty to her family and is willing to sacrifice allRead MoreCreon And Antigone Character Analysis1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe characters Creon and Antigone, from Sophocles’ Antigone, act as cautionary figures for the audience as they warn against the intense belief in and dedication to a single perspective, as doing so leads to a certain lack of malleability that is detrimental to maintaining a fully functioning society. The onlookers of this play, the Athenian people, come to naturally notice the benefits of remaining within the middle ground between beliefs such as those that Creon and Antigone stood for. The unfortunateRead MoreThe Character Analysis Of Eteocless Antigone740 Words   |  3 Pages The play Antigone, based in 441 B.C. in Thebes, Greece, told a tale about a fictional family. At the commencement of the play, main character Antigone and her sister, Ismene, travel to Thebes. Upon arrival, the two discover that both of their brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, are dead. Eteocles has been given the p roper burial, but Creon, Antigone’s uncle who had just attained the throne, banned the burial of Polyneices, because he deemed him to be a traitor. Antigone believed that this was unfairRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Antigone and Creon in William Shakespeare ´s Antigone1144 Words   |  5 PagesAntigone and Creon, the two displayed tragic figures of Antigone, both led themselves to their demise because of their love for themselves and the hate they both share for one another. Antigone’s proven love is of the afterlife while her hate is for her uncle and king, Creon. Creon may share the love of himself, however, it is not quite the same as Antigone’s love. Creon loves to rule the city of Thebes and hate’s Antigone, which is very odd for both characters because they are family. SophoclesRead MoreSophocles Tragedies Oedipus Rex and Antigone: Character Analysis of Teiresias595 Words   |  2 Pages Sophocles tragedies Oedipus Rex and Antigone both present the character of Teiresias as being a strong individual who has supernatural powers and is dedicated to assisting society by using them. Even with this, the fact that his information mostly generates suffering around him makes it difficult for him to put across his thinking and is visibly a reason for pain rather than being a blessing. The character is often chastised as a result of the information that he provides, as individuals practically

The Effects of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform Free Essays

string(21) " traveling to the U\." Angela Tien The Effect of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform With Russia’s extensive history, there is no saying that organized crime is not an issue of this nation. Organized crime promotes the overall performance of the economy in Russia, and it was also a problem during the rise of democratic Russia. Influence from organized crime is harmful internally, yet beneficial to Russia on a global scale. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the Russian economy thrives as a nascent country experiencing capitalism and democracy, it is deteriorating from the core of their government from corruption. Several factors minister the failure of Russia’s economic reform. Corruption, change in political and economic concepts, and the ever-expanding global economy have fueled the power and influence organized crime has asserted on Russia’s economic reform. The impact of organized crime on Russia’s economic reform is significant to both the development and adherence of Russia’s previous economy by incorporating elements of transitions such as corruption and revolutions in both capitalist and democratic ideals, at the same time establishing and preserving an influential association with the global economy while constituting achievements within it, which reflects on their economy today. Background: When Stalin proposed freedom to the prisoners in the Soviet Union in exchange for fighting in World War Two, he had upset the entire perennial system of the â€Å"Code of Thieves†, an underground colony of criminals. There was no knowledge of the repercussion that Stalin’s actions would alter. The â€Å"Thieves† had evolved into a much more sophisticated group of criminals, after the betrayal of those who enlisted to work with the government. Later, as the Soviet Union fell apart, it gave birth to the Red Mafia, otherwise known as the Russian Mafia. Previously, the Cold War contributed to the augmentation of the Russian Mafia too, like Stalin. Ruined, Russia’s economy was devastated. Subsequently, with the down fall of the Soviet Union and the Cold War over, the Russian government inherited the world’s greatest weapon storage. Using these weapons as a way to profit, the mafia and other forms of organized crime took advantage of the desperate government workers, who turned to crime for cash. The sources for currency in Russia were weapons and poverty-stricken people forsaken from the Cold War scouring for work. In order to improve the Russian’s economy, America introduced the controversial â€Å"shock therapy†, a method that involves the sudden self-governing free market to release price and currencies, withdrawals of state contribution, and immediate global trade, (Murrell, 1993). Since then, the Russian Mafia has had control over the majority of businesses in Russia. Despite the democratic surge throughout Russia, the promotion of capitalism and democracy was futile. Basically, the Americans introduced Russia with the sudden surge of capitalism. Unexpectedly, the result was disastrous and the treatment backfired. Starving homeless people wandered through the streets aimlessly looking for a job to pay for food, agreeing to work for cheap labor. Government official turned to crime as a means of making money. Corruption is a major factor that made the economic reform difficult to succeed: Recently, forest fires rage throughout Russia’s landscape. Mr. Luzhkov, a politician, was residing in his estate when he was criticized for the lack of concern he expressed. Almost the entire government responded this way. Hence, â€Å"Mr. Luzhkov has been derided for behaving like an autocrat, muzzling dissent and allowing corruption to flourish,† (Levy, 2010). Russia’s economy was at stake, partly to the increasing problem of corruption. Corruption has deprived Russia of any success with its economic reform. With the consecutive capital flight each year during the economic reform, Russia’s economy was not stable, nor was it sustainable. Even today, little of that has improved. Billions of laundered rubles are perpetually transferred to bank accounts in other countries annually. Corruption has suggested that organized crime has played an integral part towards the failure of economic reform. Finckenauer describes the cause of corruption in Russia as â€Å"[t]he historical symbiosis with the state [which] makes Russian organized crime virtually an inalienable part of the state†, (Finckenaur, 2001). Russia was left virtually bankrupt, until the fresh initiation of capitalism and democracy. Russia was so corrupt that criminals could bribe their way out of any lawbreaking problem, (Finckenaur, 2001). From Shelley’s observations, we know that roughly a hundred and fifty billion U. S. ollars, perhaps more, are transferred to off-shore accounts, sometimes reaching sums up to three hundred billion U. S. dollars,(Shelley, p. 3). A substantial number of the assets wired to other countries belong to corrupt officials, who did not assist Russia’s economic reform, (Shelley, p. 4, 5). The increasing number of corrupt officials that collaborates with the Russian mafia is the source to Russia’s faltering economy. Allow a poll taken by Russian citizens manifest the severity of corruption within Russia: â€Å"[t]wenty-three percent of Russians living in urban areas believe that organized crime, not the Government, runs the country. ,(Boylan, 1996). Corruption from government officials numbers were on the rise. At that rate, Russia’s economic reform was next to impossible. There was not a single residue of affluence for Russia to advocate or achieve success of their economic reform. Not merely has organized crime conspired with government officials in the act of corruption, it had somehow obliquely gained control over the flux of money. Recently, a total of 33 billion U. S. dollars, reported by BCC, are being wired to banks aboard, some in the U. S. , (Konstantin, 2010). This 33 billion â€Å"amounts to 20% of Russia’s budget for state and local procurement, or more than 10% of the state budget’s income for 2010,† (Konstantin, 2010) It is difficult to prove that control over money had been organized crime’s intentions, but its prevalence over the government through corruption has certainly prompt the unsuccessful result of Russia’s economic reform. The revolution in political and economic concepts allowed organized crime to flourish: Exempt from corruption aside, Russia’s economic reform faced democratic and capitalist issues. Half of the commodities upon a cargo ship traveling to the U. You read "The Effects of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform" in category "Papers" S. in the 90’s contain illegally purchased grain alcohol. This alcohol was manufactured by an American distiller company named McCormicle Distilling Company Superb Spirits. The Russian mafia dyed the alcohol blue to pass the alcohol on for window washing liquid. They marked these boxes â€Å"industrial†. Smuggling prospered under these conditions. The mafia avoided taxes and a long process that consumed time, while profiting. Acting as a cover up for the mafia, business companies such McCormicle benefitted from the list of procedures and expenses needed to operate. Using capitalism and democracy to increase profits, organized crime was in favor of capitalism and democracy. Privatization of organized crime in Russia caused the economic reform to blunder and digress considerably. Finckenaur explains that, â€Å"privatization of state property both expanded and solidified the complex relationship that had developed between the state and organized crime†, (Finckenaur, 2001). Essentially all private and state-owned companies and subsidies were harmed from the meltdown of the economic reform due to organized crime flourishing in the free market. From the beginning of capitalism, â€Å"[t]he entire Soviet system has long operated with a flourishing black-market supervised and controlled by [organized crime groups]†, (Boylan, 1996). While the U. S. government deplete their dollars advertising democratic and capitalist issues in Russia, (Boylan, 1996), the Russians â€Å"had people taking advantage of the privileges of a free market—taking in foreign investments, issuing stocks and bonds, making international loans—without sufficient oversight or taxation to generate incomes to pay the bondholders back†, (Friedman, 1999). As a novice towards democracy and capitalism, Russia was going through a phase in which economic hardships and dealing with new ideas was difficult. Subsequently, those with money and authority were quick to assert power and control, namely the organized crime groups and corrupt political figures. â€Å"Several experts have estimated that approximately one-third of capital flight involves illegal activity,† which indicates the organized crime has penetrated the system of economic reform, (Cooper, 2000). Before the matter of discussing the issues during the economic reform, a similarity should be distinguished between corrupt officials and organized crime lords: illegal capital flight was mostly pocketed by these two groups, for â€Å"[r]acketeers and bandits created a multithreaded mafia that remains potent and ubiquitous,† (Schemann, 2009). Furthermore, organized crime utilized the free market to expand in their trade with other countries. For example, oversea corporations from Russian companies belonged to the Russian mafia, which used scams to maximize profits. U. S. law enforcement agencies raided the Pennsylvania headquarters of a TSX–listed company called YBM Magnex International, which turned out to be a front for Russian mafia activity headed by Semion Mogilevich. The shares of YBM were worth more than $500 million before they collapsed in value virtually overnight. The scam eventually landed Mogilevich a spot on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list†, (R osen, 2010). Through this example, it can be notified that the Russian mafia had control over trade and much of trade was illegal. The Russian government could not hinder the influence the Russian mafia asserted over the trading routes. Much of the money being made through these black-market deals or any other illegal means was profited by the Russian mafia. â€Å"The criminalization of the privatization process has resulted in the massive use of state funds and property for criminal gain†, which in turn, left Russian without any funds, (Finckenaur, 2001). Consequently, none of the profits made were funded into Russia’s economic reform. Because â€Å"the assets controlled by organized crime give it enormous economic power†, it is safe to say that organized crime accumulated a large portion of the state’s funds, (Finckenaur, 2001). Due to a free market, anyone who had money had the power to make even more, and that is exactly what organized crime took advantage of. Democracy and the capitalist rules induced these criminal groups to escape imprisonment. Authorities had neither power nor evidence to pin any provable crime against them. To this day, these criminals are still profiting from privatization. Privatization led to the transfer of vast wealth to a handful of oligarchs and to rampant corruption,† (Schemann, 2009), leaving only a few people wealthy. Mitigating the security issues with trade, capitalism and democracy, which permitted organized crime to continue their illegal activity, affected the overall result of the economic reform. The global economy ignited the purpose of Russia’s economic reform: Although, organized crime had brought negative effects on Russia’s economic reform, their actions had increased success indirectly to their economic reform as well. A man named Tarzan from Russia has a business in Miami. Before he opened up this business, he worked for the Russian mafia. Extorting countless business and private companies, the mafia had these people pay protection fees, usually killing those who oppose. Through these connections with the mafia, Tarzan was able to create a new lifestyle for himself. His business was collaborated by the Columbian mafia. He helped smuggled weapons and provides the Columbian with transport they desired. He even sold a submarine to the Columbians. This vast global trade gave Tarzan the means to make more money and continue prospering in the market. Items and ideas were assimilated to different places, expanding the abounding global trade and economy. Emerging from the Soviet Union with a ruined economy, there was very little economic opportunity for Russia to improve their economy. Russia’s economic instability during the 1900’s â€Å"have increasingly scared off foreign investors; foreign direct investment (FDI) into Russia fell by 45 percent in the first half of 2009 alone†, (Mankoff, 2010). No foreign investors are willing to invest and no countries are willing to participate in trade with it. For this reason, the Russians had no partners to trade with in order to expand their economy. Russia compelled an economic reform in search for an opportunity to extend their economic influence, but how is it possible to have an economic reform when the country’s funds are empty? How did Russia revived from its decline? And more eminently, what system or factor granted Russia the aptitude to succeed? The answer to the latter resides in the system or factor which commenced global trade; this system or factor being organized crime. In the interest of global trade, Russia, which had little resources and industries to offer, was presented with an opportunity to flourish in the market. Privatization was introduced, whether the companies were legal or not. It is recorded that â€Å"roughly two-thirds of Russia’s economy is under the sway of the crime syndicates†, (Webster, 1997). But this does not change the goal of Russia’s economy. Russian revived itself through illegal businesses by the global economy and free market. Whether the motive behind the Russian mafia’s trade was with illegal means, capital was flowing and increasing, which aided the promising rise of a global partner. In 1996, the capital flight exceeded 6 billion U. S. dollars, rendering the growth of organized crime’s profits excel in other countries too, (Kramer, 2000). Illegal trade with the U. S. has brought many fleeing to the states. The majority of the mafia members had taken posts and paired up with other organized crime groups. Regarding the trade between the organized crime and others, though it may be illegal, money is flowing in and out of the country. As Friedman mentions, that â€Å"[g]lobalization also calls for a reform†, (Friedman, 1999), there is sufficient, benign results from Russia’s crime groups on the development of the economic reform. The situation that organized crime started had somehow ameliorated the sterile economy of Russia’s previous economy, thus improving the economic reform. Nearly all the global trend settlers were previous Russian reformers, who were probably associated with organized crime. Friedman 1999). Russian organized crime groups were the first to begin the global trade since the Soviet Union. These people are the ones who started the trade between nations in the west. This advances trade and economic prosperity within Russia. The reform had benefits on behalf of this. With the open trade, the Russians gained the attention they were deficient in by raising the economic awareness around the globe to prolong a successful reform. Henceforth, the Russian economic reform was successful due to rganized crime’s initiation of applying capitalism and democracy. Conclusion: Russia’s economic reform can be summarized as well-developed, partly due to capitalism and democracy, as well as, the expansion of a global economy by organized crime groups. Yet the economic reform has partially failed from the pervasion of corruption and capitalism evoked by organized crime. Russia’s economic reform is affected substantially by these three factors. On account of corruption, the economic reform did not obtain the necessary requirement of funds that it needed to succeed. Capitalism and democracy conceded organized crime to flourish and amass the money reserves that was imperative for the motivation of the economic reform. Despite this, capitalism had also paved Russia’s road towards the beginning of the free market. In addition, the global economy had given consent for organized crime to uphold recognition in the global economy, delivering Russia the advertisement it lacked to partake in the market. Overall, organized crime has had a rather significant impact on Russia’s economic reform. Russia could emerge one day as a superpower; however, it has not acquired all the necessary components to dominate in the global economy. If Russia continues to administer organized crime through corruption or does not push for economic and political reform again, investors in the foreign market will avoid investment in Russia and Russia, once again, will collapse, this time farther into recession. 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Founding Mothers Article free essay sample

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